? ? ? 全面(mian)推進(jin)鄉村振(zhen)興(xing)是構(gou)建新(xin)發(fa)展(zhan)格(ge)局的(de)重要內(nei)容。習近平總書(shu)記強調，穩住農業(ye)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)盤、守好“三(san)農”基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)是應變(bian)局、開新(xin)局的(de)“壓艙石”。構(gou)建新(xin)發(fa)展(zhan)格(ge)局，把戰略基(ji)(ji)點放在擴大內(nei)需上，農村有巨大空間，可以大有作為。如何采取更有力的(de)舉措(cuo)、匯聚更強大的(de)力量來全面(mian)推進(jin)鄉村振(zhen)興(xing)，真正(zheng)讓農業(ye)高(gao)質(zhi)高(gao)效、鄉村宜(yi)(yi)居宜(yi)(yi)業(ye)、農民富(fu)裕富(fu)足，是構(gou)建新(xin)發(fa)展(zhan)格(ge)局需要破解(jie)的(de)重大課題。
構建新發展格局的內在要求(qiu)和動(dong)力源泉
進入新發(fa)展階段，全(quan)面建設社會主義現(xian)代化國家，最(zui)艱(jian)巨最(zui)繁重的任務(wu)在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村，最(zui)廣(guang)泛(fan)最(zui)深厚的基礎(chu)在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村，最(zui)大(da)的潛(qian)(qian)力(li)和后勁在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村。構建新發(fa)展格局(ju)迫切(qie)需要補齊農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村短板弱項、充(chong)分挖掘農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村的潛(qian)(qian)力(li)后勁，全(quan)面推進鄉(xiang)村振興。
全面(mian)推進(jin)鄉村(cun)(cun)振興是構建新發(fa)展(zhan)格局的(de)(de)內在(zai)(zai)要(yao)求。構建新發(fa)展(zhan)格局，要(yao)求立足國(guo)內大(da)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)，核(he)心是暢(chang)通(tong)生(sheng)產、流通(tong)、分配、消費等(deng)經濟活動各環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節，它(ta)不僅包括城(cheng)鄉之(zhi)間的(de)(de)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)，也體(ti)(ti)現在(zai)(zai)各行業(ye)各領(ling)域的(de)(de)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)。當前城(cheng)市和農村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)在(zai)(zai)整個國(guo)內大(da)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)中是弱項，資源要(yao)素在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)鄉之(zhi)間雙(shuang)(shuang)向流動仍然存在(zai)(zai)體(ti)(ti)制障礙，農村(cun)(cun)發(fa)展(zhan)缺(que)乏(fa)高(gao)質量的(de)(de)資源要(yao)素保障，農業(ye)生(sheng)產、加(jia)工(gong)、儲備、流通(tong)等(deng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節還存在(zai)(zai)不少堵點(dian)。全面(mian)推進(jin)鄉村(cun)(cun)振興，打通(tong)城(cheng)鄉循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)梗阻和堵點(dian)，有利于加(jia)快(kuai)形(xing)成(cheng)以國(guo)內大(da)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)為主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)、國(guo)內國(guo)際雙(shuang)(shuang)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)相互促進(jin)的(de)(de)新發(fa)展(zhan)格局。
全(quan)面推進鄉村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興是構(gou)建新(xin)發展格局(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)動力(li)(li)(li)源泉(quan)。構(gou)建新(xin)發展格局(ju)(ju)，要求(qiu)(qiu)把擴大(da)(da)內需作為戰(zhan)略(lve)基點，我國擴大(da)(da)內需最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)潛力(li)(li)(li)后勁在(zai)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)。隨著農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)現代化的(de)(de)扎實(shi)推進，廣大(da)(da)農(nong)(nong)民收入的(de)(de)持續提高(gao)，將有效(xiao)激(ji)發鄉村(cun)(cun)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)消(xiao)費(fei)、投資(zi)潛力(li)(li)(li)。同(tong)時，伴隨農(nong)(nong)業生態、旅游、文化等多功能的(de)(de)挖掘開(kai)發，城(cheng)鎮居民對綠(lv)色優質農(nong)(nong)產品、鄉村(cun)(cun)休閑旅游等需求(qiu)(qiu)不斷(duan)增(zeng)加(jia)，將有利于形成需求(qiu)(qiu)牽引供(gong)給、供(gong)給創造需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)高(gao)水平(ping)動態平(ping)衡(heng)。可見，全(quan)面推進鄉村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興，充分(fen)挖掘農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)內需潛力(li)(li)(li)，可以為構(gou)建新(xin)發展格局(ju)(ju)提供(gong)強(qiang)大(da)(da)戰(zhan)略(lve)支撐。
全(quan)面推進鄉村振(zhen)興面臨的制約和挑戰
當前，我國發展不平(ping)衡不充分問題，主(zhu)要(yao)集中在“三農”，重(zhong)點(dian)難點(dian)在農村(cun)(cun)，這(zhe)既是全面推進鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)面臨(lin)的制約挑(tiao)戰，也是構建新發展格(ge)局需要(yao)破解的痛點(dian)堵點(dian)。
一(yi)是農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)競爭力不(bu)(bu)強(qiang)。產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)是我國經(jing)濟循環(huan)的重要(yao)環(huan)節(jie)。鍛造產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)長板(ban)、補(bu)齊產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)短(duan)(duan)板(ban)是構建新發(fa)展格局的必然(ran)要(yao)求。目(mu)前，農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)短(duan)(duan)板(ban)比(bi)較突出。一(yi)方面，農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)競爭力不(bu)(bu)強(qiang)。農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)發(fa)展水(shui)平(ping)低，鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)條較短(duan)(duan)，高端環(huan)節(jie)缺乏(fa)，可持續能(neng)力較弱。另一(yi)方面，農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)銜(xian)接不(bu)(bu)暢。由于基礎(chu)設施(shi)不(bu)(bu)配(pei)套，標準化(hua)水(shui)平(ping)低，信(xin)息化(hua)、智能(neng)化(hua)發(fa)展滯(zhi)后，造成農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)環(huan)節(jie)之間銜(xian)接松散，流(liu)通環(huan)節(jie)多、成本高。
二是農(nong)村(cun)(cun)市場活力不夠(gou)。實施擴大(da)內需(xu)(xu)戰略，需(xu)(xu)要增強(qiang)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)對(dui)經濟(ji)發展(zhan)的基礎性作用和(he)投(tou)(tou)資對(dui)優化供給結構的關鍵(jian)性作用。目前(qian)，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)和(he)投(tou)(tou)資對(dui)國(guo)內消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)和(he)投(tou)(tou)資支撐(cheng)不足。一(yi)方面(mian)，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)需(xu)(xu)求潛力沒有發揮。農(nong)民(min)收入水平總體較低，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)環境(jing)較差，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)金融(rong)發展(zhan)滯后，使農(nong)村(cun)(cun)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)潛力難以充分釋放。另一(yi)方面(mian)，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)投(tou)(tou)資需(xu)(xu)求制約(yue)因(yin)素較多。特別是農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)(cun)資金需(xu)(xu)求量(liang)大(da)，但投(tou)(tou)資回(hui)報(bao)周(zhou)期長(chang)、回(hui)報(bao)率低，一(yi)定程(cheng)度上影響了社會資本對(dui)農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)(cun)投(tou)(tou)資的積極性。
三是城(cheng)鄉要(yao)(yao)素流(liu)(liu)動(dong)不暢。促進要(yao)(yao)素自(zi)主(zhu)有序流(liu)(liu)動(dong)和(he)優化配置(zhi)是實現(xian)城(cheng)鄉經濟良性循(xun)環的基礎，也是國內大循(xun)環的必(bi)然(ran)要(yao)(yao)求。目前城(cheng)鄉要(yao)(yao)素雙向(xiang)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)不暢，更多是鄉村人才從農(nong)村向(xiang)城(cheng)市的單向(xiang)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)，造(zao)成(cheng)鄉村人才大量流(liu)(liu)失，鄉村老齡化、空心化現(xian)象較(jiao)為嚴重。
鄉村振興助推(tui)構建新發展(zhan)格局的著力點(dian)
要做到全(quan)面推進鄉(xiang)村振興和構建(jian)新(xin)發展格局有機結合(he)，必(bi)須提(ti)升農(nong)業產業鏈(lian)供(gong)應鏈(lian)競爭力(li)，釋(shi)放(fang)和培育農(nong)村的消費需求，促進城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合(he)發展，激活(huo)鄉(xiang)村內(nei)生動力(li)。
一是提升(sheng)(sheng)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)競爭(zheng)力(li)。要(yao)打(da)造(zao)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)全產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)強產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)各環節的合作與銜接(jie)，推(tui)(tui)動農村一二(er)三產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)融合；提升(sheng)(sheng)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)現代化(hua)水平(ping)，大力(li)采取新技(ji)術、新業(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)、新模式增加(jia)(jia)(jia)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)科技(ji)含量，推(tui)(tui)動形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)高品質(zhi)、高附加(jia)(jia)(jia)值的農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品供應(ying)和服務體系；加(jia)(jia)(jia)快建設城鄉統(tong)一市場，整(zheng)合物(wu)流(liu)、信息等產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)要(yao)素(su)，破除資(zi)源要(yao)素(su)流(liu)動障礙，促進(jin)(jin)要(yao)素(su)自由流(liu)動，降低要(yao)素(su)交(jiao)易(yi)成(cheng)本，促進(jin)(jin)資(zi)源優(you)化(hua)配置和效率提高。
二是(shi)加快(kuai)培(pei)育(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)內需體(ti)系。一方(fang)面(mian)，全面(mian)擴大農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)。多(duo)措并舉拓寬農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)收入(ru)渠道，穩定農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)務工工資性收入(ru)，增加經營性收入(ru)，擴大財產性收入(ru)，提(ti)高農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)消(xiao)費(fei)能力。完善(shan)城鄉(xiang)融合消(xiao)費(fei)網(wang)絡，擴大電子商務進農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)覆蓋面(mian)，優化農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)環境。擴大農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)教育(yu)、健康和文化等(deng)領域的(de)消(xiao)費(fei)，推(tui)動農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)梯次升級。另一方(fang)面(mian)，拓展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)投資空(kong)間。補齊農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)基礎(chu)設施(shi)短板，推(tui)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)新型基礎(chu)設施(shi)建設，彌補城鄉(xiang)在數字經濟(ji)、智能轉型等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)發展(zhan)鴻(hong)溝；改善(shan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)公共(gong)服務，推(tui)動形成縣鄉(xiang)村(cun)一體(ti)、功能銜接互補的(de)公共(gong)服務體(ti)系。
三是促進(jin)(jin)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)融合(he)發(fa)展。建(jian)立健(jian)全(quan)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)(yao)素(su)平(ping)等(deng)交換、雙向流動政策(ce)體系，促進(jin)(jin)要(yao)(yao)素(su)更多向鄉(xiang)(xiang)村流動，增強(qiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)村發(fa)展活力(li)。暢通智力(li)、技術、管理等(deng)要(yao)(yao)素(su)的(de)下鄉(xiang)(xiang)通道(dao)(dao)，建(jian)立科研人(ren)員入(ru)鄉(xiang)(xiang)兼(jian)職制度，把各類(lei)(lei)人(ren)才“引進(jin)(jin)來”并“留得(de)住”。健(jian)全(quan)土地(di)要(yao)(yao)素(su)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)平(ping)等(deng)交換機制，深(shen)化農(nong)(nong)(nong)村宅基地(di)制度改革，探索實(shi)施農(nong)(nong)(nong)村集體經營性建(jian)設用地(di)入(ru)市制度。暢通社會資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)下鄉(xiang)(xiang)投(tou)資(zi)通道(dao)(dao)，建(jian)立健(jian)全(quan)對接平(ping)臺，為社會資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)下鄉(xiang)(xiang)搭建(jian)橋梁、提供服(fu)務。優化農(nong)(nong)(nong)村投(tou)資(zi)環境，破除投(tou)資(zi)約束障礙，發(fa)揮政府投(tou)資(zi)基金的(de)杠桿(gan)帶動作用，吸引社會資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)跟進(jin)(jin)，推(tui)動形成各類(lei)(lei)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)踴躍投(tou)資(zi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村振興發(fa)展的(de)新(xin)局面。