?當(dang)前，數(shu)(shu)(shu)據已經成為數(shu)(shu)(shu)字經濟時代的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)性(xing)資源、重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)生產(chan)力和關鍵生產(chan)要(yao)(yao)素(su)。習近平(ping)總(zong)書記強(qiang)調，數(shu)(shu)(shu)據基(ji)礎(chu)制(zhi)度(du)建(jian)設事(shi)關國家發(fa)(fa)展和安全大局，要(yao)(yao)統籌推進(jin)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據產(chan)權、流通交(jiao)易、收益分配、安全治理(li)，加快構建(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據基(ji)礎(chu)制(zhi)度(du)體系(xi)。近日，中(zhong)共中(zhong)央、國務院印發(fa)(fa)《關于構建(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據基(ji)礎(chu)制(zhi)度(du)更(geng)好發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據要(yao)(yao)素(su)作用的(de)意見》（以下(xia)簡稱“數(shu)(shu)(shu)據二十(shi)條”），系(xi)統性(xing)布局了數(shu)(shu)(shu)據基(ji)礎(chu)制(zhi)度(du)體系(xi)的(de)“四梁八柱”，歷史性(xing)繪制(zhi)了數(shu)(shu)(shu)據要(yao)(yao)素(su)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)長遠藍圖，具有(you)里程(cheng)碑式的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)意義。我們要(yao)(yao)以習近平(ping)新時代中(zhong)國特色社(she)會主義思想為指導(dao)，深入貫徹落實(shi)黨的(de)二十(shi)大精神，堅持問題導(dao)向(xiang)，遵循發(fa)(fa)展規(gui)律，創新制(zhi)度(du)安排，聚焦“數(shu)(shu)(shu)據二十(shi)條”描繪的(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據要(yao)(yao)素(su)發(fa)(fa)展藍圖，久(jiu)久(jiu)為功、善作善成，扎實(shi)推進(jin)一批國際先進(jin)的(de)高(gao)水平(ping)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據基(ji)礎(chu)制(zhi)度(du)。
?近(jin)年來，福建省福州(zhou)市依托政務數據共享，通過(guo)自(zi)(zi)助(zhu)(zhu)終端設備整合多部門服務事項，實現24小時(shi)自(zi)(zi)助(zhu)(zhu)服務，打造“15分(fen)鐘便民服務圈”。圖為2022年10月24日，福州(zhou)市一家企業(ye)工作人員對便民自(zi)(zi)助(zhu)(zhu)終端進行產品軟件測(ce)試。人民圖片 謝(xie)貴明(ming)/攝
?著力建立數據產權制度
?推動(dong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)產權(quan)(quan)(quan)結構性(xing)(xing)分(fen)置(zhi)，跳出(chu)所(suo)有權(quan)(quan)(quan)思維定式，聚焦數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)在采集、收集、加(jia)工(gong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、交易(yi)、應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)全過程中(zhong)各參與方(fang)(fang)的(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)，通過建(jian)立數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)資源持有權(quan)(quan)(quan)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)工(gong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)產品經營權(quan)(quan)(quan)“三權(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)置(zhi)”，強(qiang)化數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)工(gong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)，放活數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)產品經營權(quan)(quan)(quan)，加(jia)快數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)產權(quan)(quan)(quan)登(deng)記(ji)制度(du)體系建(jian)設，為推動(dong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有序流轉(zhuan)、鼓勵數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)開(kai)發利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、引(yin)導(dao)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)產品交易(yi)、釋放數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)要(yao)(yao)素價(jia)值(zhi)提供制度(du)保障(zhang)(zhang)。推動(dong)公共(gong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)確(que)(que)權(quan)(quan)(quan)授權(quan)(quan)(quan)，加(jia)大(da)公共(gong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)開(kai)放共(gong)享和開(kai)發利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，發揮公共(gong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)在數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)要(yao)(yao)素開(kai)發利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)的(de)基(ji)礎性(xing)(xing)、引(yin)領性(xing)(xing)、示范(fan)性(xing)(xing)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。推動(dong)個(ge)(ge)人數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)確(que)(que)權(quan)(quan)(quan)授權(quan)(quan)(quan)，探索(suo)個(ge)(ge)人數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)在個(ge)(ge)人信息(xi)保護法框架下合規(gui)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法路徑(jing)，回應個(ge)(ge)人用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶和數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)處理者的(de)普遍關切(qie)。推動(dong)企(qi)業(ye)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)確(que)(que)權(quan)(quan)(quan)授權(quan)(quan)(quan)，保障(zhang)(zhang)企(qi)業(ye)投入的(de)勞動(dong)和其他(ta)要(yao)(yao)素貢獻獲得(de)合理回報，鼓勵企(qi)業(ye)“用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賦能”、“逐(zhu)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)興業(ye)”。
?著力建立數據流通和交易制度
在(zai)國(guo)內外(wai)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)交(jiao)易(yi)相關探(tan)索(suo)和(he)實踐(jian)基礎上，結合(he)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)要(yao)素特點(dian)(dian)和(he)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)內、場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)外(wai)交(jiao)易(yi)現(xian)狀，從規則、市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、生(sheng)(sheng)態、跨(kua)境等四(si)個方面提出構(gou)(gou)建(jian)適應我(wo)(wo)國(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)度優勢的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)要(yao)素市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)體系。聚焦當前數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)交(jiao)易(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)建(jian)設現(xian)狀與問題，統(tong)籌構(gou)(gou)建(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)交(jiao)易(yi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)所，重點(dian)(dian)要(yao)完(wan)善(shan)功能定(ding)位、探(tan)索(suo)發展模(mo)式、優化運行機制(zhi)(zhi)，堅(jian)持場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)內集中(zhong)交(jiao)易(yi)與場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)外(wai)分散(san)交(jiao)易(yi)相結合(he)，形成多(duo)層次、多(duo)元化的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)體系。培(pei)育數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)要(yao)素流(liu)通和(he)交(jiao)易(yi)服(fu)(fu)務生(sheng)(sheng)態，充(chong)分發揮數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)商“燃料”和(he)第(di)三方專業(ye)(ye)服(fu)(fu)務機構(gou)(gou)“助燃劑”作用，培(pei)育一批活躍(yue)的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)要(yao)素市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)主體。構(gou)(gou)建(jian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)安全(quan)合(he)規有序跨(kua)境流(liu)通機制(zhi)(zhi)，積(ji)極探(tan)索(suo)離岸(an)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)流(liu)通和(he)服(fu)(fu)務外(wai)包等新模(mo)式，探(tan)索(suo)在(zai)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)安全(quan)保護法框(kuang)架(jia)下數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)跨(kua)境流(liu)動(dong)的(de)(de)合(he)規方式，助力我(wo)(wo)國(guo)企業(ye)(ye)“走(zou)出去(qu)”和(he)境外(wai)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)“引進來”。
?著力建立數據收益分配制度
?健(jian)全數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)要素(su)由市(shi)場評(ping)價(jia)貢獻、按貢獻決(jue)定(ding)報酬的(de)機制，以促進(jin)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)開發利用為出(chu)發點，肯(ken)定(ding)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)處理者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)勞(lao)動價(jia)值創造，著(zhu)重(zhong)保護數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)要素(su)各參與方的(de)投入(ru)產(chan)出(chu)收(shou)(shou)益，牢固樹立“勞(lao)動創造價(jia)值”的(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)觀。更(geng)(geng)好發揮政府在數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)要素(su)收(shou)(shou)益分配(pei)中的(de)調節作用，踐行發展為了人民(min)、發展依(yi)靠人民(min)、發展成果由人民(min)共(gong)享的(de)理念，讓(rang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)要素(su)價(jia)值惠及更(geng)(geng)廣(guang)大(da)人民(min)群眾，實(shi)現(xian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)之上多元的(de)利益主體(ti)“各得(de)其所”，促進(jin)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)分配(pei)更(geng)(geng)合理、更(geng)(geng)有(you)序。同(tong)時，要扶持中小企(qi)業(ye)“用數(shu)(shu)(shu)賦能”，防止和(he)依(yi)法規制資本挾(xie)持數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)產(chan)生的(de)無序擴張(zhang)和(he)市(shi)場壟斷等(deng)問題，助力實(shi)現(xian)“業(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)有(you)其數(shu)(shu)(shu)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)者(zhe)(zhe)有(you)其得(de)”。
?著力建立數據要素治理制度
?創新政府(fu)(fu)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)治理(li)機制，既(ji)要(yao)鼓勵企業(ye)在數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)要(yao)素(su)應用上的(de)首創精(jing)神，又要(yao)建(jian)立有效的(de)“數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)沙箱”機制防范(fan)化解重大風險(xian)，著力(li)避免“管(guan)死(si)不放”和“放而不管(guan)”兩種極(ji)端，把統籌發展和安全的(de)理(li)念落實到(dao)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)工作中。壓實企業(ye)的(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)治理(li)責任，使其承擔(dan)的(de)社會(hui)責任與(yu)擁有的(de)權益(yi)相(xiang)匹配(pei)，避免片面追求企業(ye)利益(yi)最大化的(de)現象(xiang)影(ying)響社會(hui)公共利益(yi)。針(zhen)對數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)要(yao)素(su)涉(she)及主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)多、流通快(kuai)、管(guan)理(li)難(nan)等特征，鼓勵發揮數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)要(yao)素(su)領域行業(ye)協會(hui)作用，加快(kuai)形(xing)成社會(hui)力(li)量多方(fang)參與(yu)的(de)協同治理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系，引(yin)導基層政府(fu)(fu)、市(shi)場、社會(hui)組織(zhi)與(yu)民(min)眾等數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)相(xiang)關主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，通過互動(dong)、協商(shang)、合作，實現對數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)要(yao)素(su)的(de)共同治理(li)，促進數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)要(yao)素(su)治理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制機制最優化。
?構(gou)建(jian)系(xi)(xi)統完(wan)備的(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)要素制(zhi)(zhi)度體(ti)系(xi)(xi)并非一(yi)蹴而就，是(shi)一(yi)項(xiang)長期(qi)、復雜的(de)系(xi)(xi)統工(gong)程。要進(jin)一(yi)步解放思想，加(jia)強(qiang)統籌推進(jin)，強(qiang)化(hua)任務落實(shi)(shi)，創新政(zheng)策(ce)支持，鼓(gu)勵有條件(jian)的(de)地(di)方和(he)行業在(zai)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)、路徑、模式(shi)探索(suo)等方面開(kai)展先(xian)行先(xian)試(shi)，積(ji)累實(shi)(shi)踐經驗。在(zai)此(ci)基礎(chu)上(shang)，穩步構(gou)建(jian)以“數(shu)(shu)據(ju)二十條”為綱(gang)領(ling)的(de)“1+N”制(zhi)(zhi)度體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，進(jin)一(yi)步完(wan)善(shan)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)產權界定、數(shu)(shu)據(ju)市(shi)場體(ti)系(xi)(xi)建(jian)設等制(zhi)(zhi)度和(he)政(zheng)策(ce)，更好構(gou)建(jian)完(wan)善(shan)我國(guo)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)基礎(chu)制(zhi)(zhi)度體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，為推進(jin)中(zhong)國(guo)式(shi)現代(dai)化(hua)、實(shi)(shi)現中(zhong)華民族偉大復興(xing)提供(gong)堅(jian)實(shi)(shi)的(de)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)化(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)度支撐。